D)The Reported Speech / Le discours
rapporté
1) Definition
2) The general changes
3) Tense of the reporting
verb and the changes
4)
Reporting questions
1) Definition /
Définition:
-
Consider the
following sentence:
John said: “I am ill”.
- Considérons la phrase suivante:
John said: “I am ill”.( John dit: "je suis malade."
* This sentence is in the direct speech style because we reproduce the exact
words of the speaker. When we want to report what the speaker said
indirectly a time after he said it, we use the indirect or report speech
style. For the sentence, the result will be:
John said that he was ill.
* Cette phrase au style direct parce qu' on reproduit les mots exacts du
parlant. Lorsqu' on veut rapporter ce que le parlant a dit indirectement un
temps après qu' il l' a dit, on utilise le style indirect ou le discours
rapporté. Pour l' exemple ci-dessus le résultat va être:
John said that he was ill. (John dit qu' il était malade.)
2) The general changes /
les transformations génerales:
* The general changes that occur when a speech
is reported are:
-The omission of the colon (:).
-The omission of the inverted commas (“...”).
-The introduction of that.
-The change of the persons:
"I " changes into "he" or "she"; "You" changes
into "we" or "I"; "We" changes into "they".
-Change in the possessive adjectives:
"my" changes into "his" or "her"; "your" changes
into "my" or "our"; "our" changes into "their".
2) Les changements généraux:
* Les changement généraux qui s' effectuent quand un discours est
rapporté sont:
- L' omission des dux points (:).
- L' omission des guilleemets ( "...").
- L' introduction de that (l' équivalent de "que" en français).
- Le changement de personnes:
"I " (je) devient "he" (il) ou "she" (elle); "You"
(vous, tu) devient "we" (nous) ou "I" (je); "We" (nous)
devient "they" (ils ou elles).
- Changement d' adjectifs possessifs:
"my" (mon, ma, mes) devient "his" ou "her" (son, sa,
ses); "your" (votre, vos, ton, ta, tes) devient "my" (mon, ma,
mes) ou "our" (notre, nos); "our" (notre, nos) devient "their"
(leur, leurs).
3) Tense of the reporting verb and the changes
/
Le temps du verbe rapporteur et les changements:
a)
When the reporting verb ( say;
tell; announce; ask; confess; inform; ... ) is in the present simple,
present perfect, or future simple tenses, there is no change of tense in the
words reported, but the changes are only in the persons and possessives.
a) Lorsque le verbe rapporteur tel que: say (dire); tell (dire, raconter);
announce (annoncer); ask (demander); confess (se cofesser); inform
(informer); ...
e.g. * He confesses: “I am guilty”.
He confesses that he is
guilty.
* He has told me: : “I went to the beach last week”.
He has told me that he went to the beach last week.
* He will tell you: “I have given up drinking”.
He will tell you that he he has given up drinking.
par exemple: * He confesses: “I am guilty”. (Il se confesse: "je
suis coupable". )
He confesses that he is
guilty.( Il se confesse qu' il est coupable.)
* He has told me: : “I went to
the beach last week”. (Il m' a dit: "je suis allé à la plage
la semaine passée".)
He has told me that . (Il m' a
dit qu' il est allé à la plage la
semaine passé.
* He will tell you: “I have given up drinking”. (Il te dira: "J'
ai
arrêté de boire".)
He will tell you that he he has given up drinking. (Il te dira
qu' il arrêté de boire.)
b) When the
reporting verb is in the past simple or past perfect tense, or is a
should/would form, the words reported are viewed in a different perspective.
The speech is now remote, and seen as relating a sequence of events
happening in the past. So, changes of tenses, adverbials of time, adverbial
of place, and demonstrators are required accordingly:
b) Lorsque le verbe rapporteur est au past simple ou past
perfect, ou est de la forme should / would, les mots rapportés
sont vus dans une perspective différente. Le discours est maintenant
lointain, et vu comme relatant une séquence d' évènements se déroulant au
passé. Donc, des changements se temps, adverbes (ou groupes adverbiaux) de
temps, adverbes (ou groupes adverbiaux) de lieu, et adjectifs démonstratifs
sont requis par conséquent:
- Changes in adverbials and demonstrators
/
Changements d' adverbes (ou groupes adverbiaux) et adjectifs
démonstratifs:
Direct Speech
Style direct |
Reported Speech
Discours rapporté (ou style indirect) |
today (aujourd' hui) |
that day
(ce jour-là) |
yesterday (hier) |
the previous day
(la veille) |
tomorrow (demain) |
the next day; the day after
(le lendemain) |
now (maintenant) |
then
(ce moment-là) |
last week (la semaine passé) |
the previous week
(la semaine d' avant) |
next month (le mois prochain) |
The following month
(le mos suivant) |
5 years ago (il y a 5 ans) |
5 years before
(5 ans avant) |
here (ici) |
there
(là-bas) |
this (ce, cette, cet) |
that
(ce ...-là, cette ...-là, cet ...-là |
these (ces) |
those
(ceux) |
- Changes of tenses with examples /
Changements de temps avec des exemples:
Tense of the Direct Speech
(Temps du style direct) |
Example
(Exemple) |
The Tense to be changed to in
the Reported Speech
(Le temps qu'on le doit changer à au
discours rapporté) |
Example
(Exemple) |
The Present Simple |
He said: “I
practise jogging everyday”
(Il dit: "je pratique du jogging chaque
jour") |
The Past Simple |
He said that he
practised jogging everyday.
(Il dit qu' il pratiquait du jogging
chaque jour.) |
The Present Continuous |
She told me: “I
am reading poetry now.”
(Elle me dit: "Je suis entrain de lire de
la poésie maintenant". |
Past Continuous |
She told me that she
was reading poetry then.
(Elle me dit qu' elle était entrain de lire
de la poésie à ce moment-là. |
The Present Perfect |
“We
have done the work ourselves.”
John announced.
("Nous
avons fait le travail nous-mêmes" annonça John.) |
Past Perfect |
John announced that they
had done the work themselves.
(John annonça qu' ils avaient fait le
travail eux-mêmes.) |
The Past Simple |
“I
stayed here yestersay.” She
confessed.
("Je
resta ici hier". se confessa-t-elle.) |
Past Perfect |
She confessed that she
had stayed there the previous
day.
(Elle
se confessa qu' elle était resté là-bas la veille.) |
The Past Continuous |
“I
was watching television.” He
told me.
(" J' étais entrain de regarder la
télévision" me dit-il.) |
Past Perfect Continuous |
He told me that he
had been watching television.
(Il me
dit qu' il avait été entrain de regarder la télévision.) |
The Past Perfect |
“ I
had studied English for five
years.” He declared.
("J'
avais étudié
l' anglais pendant 5 ans" declara-t-il.) |
Past Perfect |
He declared that he
had studied English for five
years.
(Il declara qu' il avait étudié l' anglais
pendant 5 ans.) |
The Future Simple |
“ I
will help you.” He suggested.
(" Je t' aiderai" proposa-t-il.) |
Conditional |
He suggested that he
would help me.
(Il proposa qu' il
m' aiderait.) |
Conditional 1st
type: (would/should + stem) |
“I
would come to the feast” He replied.
("Je viendrais à la fête" réponda-t-il.) |
Conditional 2nd type:
(would/should have + past participle
|
He replied that he
would have come to the feast.
(Il réponda qu' il serait venu à la
fête.) |
can |
He said: “I
can help you”.
(Il dit: "Je peux
t' aider".) |
could |
He said that he
could help me.
(Il dit qu' il pouvait m' aider.) |
must |
“ You
must stop smoking” He recommended.
("Vous
devez arrêter de fûmer" recommanda-t-il.) |
Had to |
He recommended that I
had to stop smoking.
(Il recommanda que je devais arrêter de
fûmer.) |
Affirmative Imperative |
He asked me : “Bring
me that book.”
(Il me demanda: "apportes-moi
ce livre-là".)
|
Infinitive Phrase |
He aked me
to bring him that book.
(Il me demanda de lui apporter ce livre-là.) |
Negative Imperative |
“Do
not do it” He advised me.
("Ne le fait pas" me conseilla-t-il) |
Negative Infinitive Phrase |
He advised me
not to do it.
(Il me
conseilla de ne pas le faire.) |
4)
Reporting questions /
Rapporter des questions:
-
The word-order of reported questions is the same as a simple
statement; there is no inversion as in a simple question.
- L' ordre syntactique des questions rapportées et comme celui d' une
phrase simple (statement); il n' y a pas d' inversions comme dans une simple
question.
- In wh questions
(introduced by a question-word: who, what, how, when,
where, or why) this word (not that) serves as a link
between the reporting verb and the reported question.
- Dans les questions dites wh questions (introduites par des
interrogatifs comme: who (qui), what (que, quoi), how
(comment), when (quand), where (oû), ou why (pourquoi)
) cet intérrogatif (pas "that") sert comme un lien entre le verbe
rapporteur et la question rapportée.
e.g. He asked me: “What is your name?”
He asked me what my name was.
par exemple: He asked me: “What is your
name?” (Il me
demanda: "quel
est ton
nom?")
He asked me what my name was (Il me demand ce
qu' était
mon nom.)
- In yes or no questions (those
which can take yes or no for an answer), whether or
if (not that) is used as link between the reporting verb and the
reported question.
- Dans les questions dites yes or no questions (celle à qui on
peut répondre par oui ou par non), c' est whether ou if ("si"
en français) pas "that" qui est utilisé comme un lien entre le verbe
rapporteur et la question rapportée.
e.g. He asked him: “Have you seen my
friend?”
He asked him if (or whether) she had seen
his friend.
par exemple: He asked him:“Have you seen my friend?” (Il lui demanda:
"as-tu vu mon ami?".)
He asked him if (or whether) she had seen his
friend. (Il lui demanda s' il avait vu son
ami.)
|