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D)The
Reported Speech
D) Le discours rapporté (Le style
indirect)
1)
Definition
2)
The general changes
3)
Tense of the reporting verb and the changes
4)
Reporting
questions
1)
Definition:
1) Définition:
-
Consider
the following sentence:
John said: “I am ill”.
- Considérons la phrase suivante:
John said: “I am ill”.( John dit: "je suis
malade."
* This sentence is in the direct speech style because we reproduce
the exact words of the speaker. When we want to report what the
speaker said indirectly a time after he said it, we use the
indirect or report speech style. For the sentence, the result
will be:
John said that he was ill.
* Cette phrase au style direct parce qu' on
reproduit les mots exacts du parlant. Lorsqu' on veut rapporter
ce que le parlant a dit indirectement un temps après qu' il l'
a dit, on utilise le style indirect ou le discours rapporté.
Pour l' exemple ci-dessus le résultat va être:
John said that he was ill. (John dit qu' il était malade.)
2) The
general changes:
*
The
general changes that occur when a speech is reported are:
-The
omission of the colon (:).
-The
omission of the inverted commas (“...”).
-The introduction of that.
-The change of the persons:
"I " changes into "he" or "she"; "You" changes into "we"
or "I"; "We" changes into "they".
-Change in the possessive adjectives:
"my" changes into
"his" or "her"; "your" changes into
"my" or "our"; "our" changes into
"their".
2) Les changements
généraux:
* Les changement généraux qui s' effectuent
quand un discours est rapporté sont:
- L' omission des dux points (:).
- L' omission des guilleemets ( "...").
- L' introduction de that (l' équivalent de
"que" en français).
- Le changement de personnes:
"I " (je) devient "he" (il) ou "she"
(elle); "You" (vous, tu) devient "we"
(nous) ou "I" (je); "We"
(nous) devient "they" (ils ou elles).
- Changement d' adjectifs possessifs:
"my" (mon, ma, mes) devient "his"
ou "her" (son, sa, ses); "your"
(votre, vos, ton, ta, tes) devient "my" (mon,
ma, mes) ou "our" (notre, nos); "our"
(notre, nos) devient "their" (leur,
leurs).
3) Tense
of the reporting verb and the changes:
3) Le temps du verbe
rapporteur et les changements:
a) When the reporting verb ( say; tell;
announce; ask; confess; inform; ... ) is in the present simple,
present perfect, or future simple tenses, there is no change of
tense in the words reported, but the changes are only in the
persons and possessives.
a) Lorsque le verbe rapporteur tel que: say
(dire); tell (dire, raconter); announce (annoncer); ask
(demander); confess (se cofesser); inform (informer); ...
e.g.
* He confesses: “I am guilty”.
He confesses that he is
guilty.
* He has told me: : “I went to
the beach last week”.
He has told me that
he went to the beach last week.
* He will tell you: “I have
given up drinking”.
He will tell you that
he he has given up drinking.
par exemple: * He
confesses: “I am guilty”. (Il
se confesse: "je suis
coupable". )
He confesses that he is
guilty.( Il se confesse qu' il est
coupable.)
* He has told me: : “I
went to the beach last week”.
(Il m' a
dit: "je suis allé à la plage la semaine passée".)
He has told me that . (Il m' a dit qu' il est allé à la
plage la
semaine passé.
* He will tell you: “I have
given up drinking”.
(Il te dira: "J' ai
arrêté de boire".)
He will tell you that
he he has given up drinking. (Il te dira
qu' il arrêté de boire.)
b)
When the reporting verb is in the past simple or past
perfect tense, or is a should/would form, the words reported are
viewed in a different perspective. The speech is now remote, and
seen as relating a sequence of events happening in the past. So,
changes of tenses, adverbials of time, adverbial of place, and
demonstrators are required accordingly:
b) Lorsque le verbe rapporteur est au past
simple ou past perfect, ou est de la forme should/would,
les mots rapportés sont vus dans une perspective différente.
Le discours est maintenant lointain, et vu comme relatant une
séquence d' évènements se déroulant au passé. Donc, des
changements se temps, adverbes (ou groupes adverbiaux) de temps,
adverbes (ou groupes adverbiaux) de lieu, et adjectifs
démonstratifs sont requis par conséquent:
- Changes
in adverbials and demonstrators:
- Changements d' adverbes (ou groupes
adverbiaux) et adjectifs
démonstratifs:
Direct Speech
Style
direct |
Reported Speech
Discours
rapporté (ou style indirect) |
| today (aujourd' hui) |
that day
(ce
jour-là) |
| yesterday (hier) |
the previous day
(la
veille) |
| tomorrow (demain) |
the next day; the day
after (le
lendemain) |
| now (maintenant) |
then
(ce
moment-là) |
| last week (la semaine
passé) |
the previous week
(la
semaine d' avant) |
| next month (le mois
prochain) |
The following month
(le
mos suivant) |
| 5 years ago (il y a 5 ans) |
5 years before
(5
ans avant) |
| here (ici) |
there
(là-bas) |
| this (ce, cette, cet) |
that
(ce
...-là, cette ...-là, cet ...-là |
| these (ces) |
those
(ceux) |
-
Changes of tenses with examples:
- Changements de temps avec des exemples:
Tense of the Direct
Speech
(Temps
du style direct) |
Example
(Exemple) |
The Tense to be changed
to in the Reported Speech
(Le
temps qu'on le doit changer à au discours rapporté) |
Example
(Exemple) |
| The Present Simple |
He said: “I practise
jogging everyday”
(Il
dit: "je pratique du jogging chaque jour") |
The Past Simple |
He said that he practised
jogging everyday.
(Il
dit qu' il pratiquait du jogging chaque jour.) |
| The Present Continuous |
She told me: “I am
reading poetry now.”
(Elle
me dit: "Je suis entrain de lire de la poésie
maintenant". |
Past
Continuous |
She told me that she was
reading poetry then.
(Elle
me dit qu' elle était entrain de lire de la poésie à ce
moment-là. |
| The Present Perfect |
“We have
done the work ourselves.” John announced.
("Nous
avons fait le travail nous-mêmes" annonça
John.) |
Past
Perfect |
John announced that they had
done the work themselves.
(John
annonça qu' ils avaient fait le travail
eux-mêmes.) |
| The Past Simple |
“I stayed
here yestersay.” She confessed.
("Je
resta ici hier". se confessa-t-elle.) |
Past
Perfect |
She confessed that she had
stayed there the previous day.
(Elle
se confessa qu' elle était resté là-bas la veille.) |
| The Past Continuous |
“I was
watching television.” He told me.
("
J' étais entrain de regarder la télévision" me
dit-il.) |
Past
Perfect Continuous |
He told me that he had
been watching television.
(Il
me dit qu' il avait été entrain de regarder la
télévision.) |
| The Past Perfect |
“ I had
studied English for five years.” He declared.
("J'
avais étudié
l' anglais pendant 5 ans"
declara-t-il.) |
Past
Perfect |
He declared that he had
studied English for five years.
(Il
declara qu' il avait étudié l' anglais pendant 5 ans.) |
| The Future Simple |
“ I will
help you.” He suggested.
("
Je t' aiderai" proposa-t-il.) |
Conditional |
He suggested that he would
help me.
(Il
proposa qu' il
m' aiderait.) |
| Conditional
1st type:
(would/should + stem) |
“I would
come to the feast” He replied.
("Je
viendrais à la fête" réponda-t-il.) |
Conditional
2nd type:
(would/should have + past participle
|
He replied that he would
have come to the feast.
(Il
réponda qu' il serait venu à la fête.) |
| can |
He said: “I can
help you”.
(Il
dit: "Je peux
t' aider".) |
could |
He said that he could
help me.
(Il
dit qu' il pouvait m' aider.) |
| must |
“ You must
stop smoking” He recommended.
("Vous
devez arrêter de fûmer" recommanda-t-il.) |
Had
to |
He recommended that I had
to stop smoking.
(Il
recommanda que je devais arrêter de fûmer.) |
| Affirmative
Imperative |
He asked me : “Bring
me that book.”
(Il
me demanda: "apportes-moi ce livre-là".)
|
Infinitive
Phrase |
He aked me to
bring him that book.
(Il
me demanda de lui apporter ce livre-là.) |
| Negative
Imperative |
“Do
not do it” He advised me.
("Ne
le fait pas" me conseilla-t-il) |
Negative
Infinitive Phrase |
He advised me not
to do it.
(Il
me conseilla de ne pas le faire.) |
4)
Reporting
questions:
4) Rapporter des questions:
-
The word-order of reported questions is the
same as a simple statement; there is no inversion as in a simple
question.
- L' ordre syntactique des questions
rapportées et comme celui d' une phrase simple (statement); il
n' y a pas d' inversions comme dans une simple
question.
-
In
wh questions (introduced by a question-word: who, what,
how, when, where, or why) this word
(not that) serves as a link between the reporting verb
and the reported question.
- Dans les questions dites wh
questions (introduites par des interrogatifs comme: who
(qui), what (que, quoi),
how (comment), when (quand), where (oû),
ou why (pourquoi) ) cet intérrogatif (pas
"that") sert comme un lien entre le verbe rapporteur
et la question rapportée.
e.g. He asked me: “What is your name?”
He asked me: “What is your name?”
par exemple: He asked me: “What is your name?”
(Il me demanda: "quel
est ton nom?")
He asked me: “What is your name?” (Il me demand
ce
qu' était mon nom.)
-
In yes or no questions (those which can
take yes or no for an answer), whether or
if
(not that) is used as link between the reporting
verb and the reported question.
- Dans les questions dites yes or
no questions (celle à qui on peut répondre par oui ou par
non), c' est
whether ou if
("si" en français) pas "that" qui est
utilisé comme un lien entre le verbe rapporteur et la question
rapportée.
e.g. He asked him: “Have you seen my friend?”
He
asked him if (or whether) she had seen his friend.
par
exemple: He asked him:“Have you seen my friend?”
(Il lui demanda:
"as-tu vu mon ami?".)
He
asked him if (or whether) she had seen his friend. (Il lui
demanda s' il avait vu son ami.)
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